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What Is A Domain Name Used For

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Identification string in the Internet

This article is almost domain names in the Internet. For other uses, come across Domain (disambiguation).

A domain name is an identification string that defines a realm of administrative autonomy, authority or command inside the Internet. Domain names are used in diverse networking contexts and for application-specific naming and addressing purposes. In general, a domain name identifies a network domain, or it represents an Internet Protocol (IP) resource, such as a personal computer used to access the Internet, a server computer hosting a website, or the web site itself or any other service communicated via the Internet. As of 2017, 330.6 million domain names had been registered.[1]

Domain names are formed by the rules and procedures of the Domain Name Arrangement (DNS). Whatsoever name registered in the DNS is a domain name. Domain names are organized in subordinate levels (subdomains) of the DNS root domain, which is nameless. The kickoff-level prepare of domain names are the meridian-level domains (TLDs), including the generic peak-level domains (gTLDs), such equally the prominent domains com, info, net, edu, and org, and the state code peak-level domains (ccTLDs). Below these tiptop-level domains in the DNS bureaucracy are the 2nd-level and third-level domain names that are typically open for reservation by finish-users who wish to connect local area networks to the Internet, create other publicly accessible Cyberspace resources or run spider web sites.

The registration of these domain names is usually administered by domain proper name registrars who sell their services to the public.

A fully qualified domain name (FQDN) is a domain proper name that is completely specified with all labels in the hierarchy of the DNS, having no parts omitted. Traditionally a FQDN ends in a dot (.) to denote the meridian of the DNS tree.[2] Labels in the Domain Name System are case-insensitive, and may therefore be written in any desired capitalization method, only almost commonly domain names are written in lowercase in technical contexts.[iii]

Purpose

Domain names serve to identify Cyberspace resources, such as computers, networks, and services, with a text-based label that is easier to memorize than the numerical addresses used in the Internet protocols. A domain name may represent unabridged collections of such resource or individual instances. Individual Internet host computers use domain names every bit host identifiers, also called hostnames. The term hostname is also used for the leaf labels in the domain proper noun system, normally without further subordinate domain name space. Hostnames appear as a component in Compatible Resource Locators (URLs) for Internet resources such as websites (e.g., en.wikipedia.org).

Domain names are as well used as elementary identification labels to signal ownership or control of a resources. Such examples are the realm identifiers used in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), the Domain Keys used to verify DNS domains in e-mail systems, and in many other Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs).

An important function of domain names is to provide hands recognizable and memorizable names to numerically addressed Internet resources. This abstraction allows any resource to be moved to a dissimilar physical location in the address topology of the network, globally or locally in an intranet. Such a move normally requires changing the IP address of a resource and the corresponding translation of this IP address to and from its domain name.

Domain names are used to constitute a unique identity. Organizations can choose a domain proper noun that corresponds to their name, helping Internet users to reach them easily.

A generic domain is a name that defines a full general category, rather than a specific or personal instance, for example, the proper name of an industry, rather than a company proper name. Some examples of generic names are books.com, music.com, and travel.info. Companies take created brands based on generic names, and such generic domain names may exist valuable.[iv]

Domain names are frequently simply referred to as domains and domain proper noun registrants are frequently referred to every bit domain owners, although domain proper name registration with a registrar does not confer any legal ownership of the domain proper name, only an sectional right of employ for a detail duration of time. The use of domain names in commerce may field of study them to trademark law.

History

The practice of using a simple memorable abstraction of a host's numerical accost on a figurer network dates dorsum to the ARPANET era, earlier the appearance of today's commercial Cyberspace. In the early network, each computer on the network retrieved the hosts file (host.txt) from a estimator at SRI (now SRI International),[5] [6] which mapped computer hostnames to numerical addresses. The rapid growth of the network made information technology incommunicable to maintain a centrally organized hostname registry and in 1983 the Domain Name Arrangement was introduced on the ARPANET and published by the Cyberspace Engineering Task Force as RFC 882 and RFC 883.

The following table shows the offset v .com domains with the dates of their registration:[7]

Domain name Registration appointment
symbolics.com 15/03/1985
bbn.com 24/04/1985
think.com 24/05/1985
mcc.com xi/07/1985
dec.com 30/09/1985

and the first v .edu domains:[8]

Domain name Registration appointment
berkeley.edu 24/04/1985
cmu.edu 24/04/1985
purdue.edu 24/04/1985
rice.edu 24/04/1985
ucla.edu 24/04/1985

Domain name space

The hierarchical domain name system, organized into zones, each served by domain name servers.

Today, the Net Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) manages the superlative-level evolution and architecture of the Net domain proper name space. It authorizes domain proper name registrars, through which domain names may be registered and reassigned.

The hierarchy of labels in a fully qualified domain name

The domain proper name space consists of a tree of domain names. Each node in the tree holds information associated with the domain name. The tree sub-divides into zones beginning at the DNS root zone.

Domain name syntax

A domain name consists of 1 or more parts, technically called labels, that are conventionally concatenated, and delimited by dots, such as example.com.

  • The right-most label conveys the meridian-level domain; for instance, the domain name www.example.com belongs to the superlative-level domain com.
  • The hierarchy of domains descends from the right to the left label in the name; each label to the left specifies a subdivision, or subdomain of the domain to the correct. For instance: the characterization instance specifies a node example.com as a subdomain of the com domain, and www is a label to create world wide web.instance.com, a subdomain of example.com. Each label may comprise from 1 to 63 octets. The empty label is reserved for the root node and when fully qualified is expressed as the empty label terminated by a dot. The full domain name may not exceed a full length of 253 ASCII characters in its textual representation.[nine] Thus, when using a single graphic symbol per characterization, the limit is 127 levels: 127 characters plus 126 dots have a total length of 253. In practice, some domain registries may accept shorter limits.
  • A hostname is a domain name that has at least one associated IP accost. For example, the domain names www.case.com and instance.com are also hostnames, whereas the com domain is non. However, other top-level domains, particularly state lawmaking acme-level domains, may indeed have an IP accost, and if so, they are likewise hostnames.
  • Hostnames impose restrictions on the characters allowed in the corresponding domain name. A valid hostname is as well a valid domain proper noun, just a valid domain proper name may not necessarily be valid as a hostname.

Elevation-level domains

When the Domain Name Organization was devised in the 1980s, the domain proper name space was divided into two main groups of domains.[x] The state code top-level domains (ccTLD) were primarily based on the 2-character territory codes of ISO-3166 country abbreviations. In addition, a group of vii generic top-level domains (gTLD) was implemented which represented a set of categories of names and multi-organizations.[xi] These were the domains gov, edu, com, mil, org, net, and int. These two types of meridian-level domains (TLDs) are the highest level of domain names of the Internet. Top-level domains form the DNS root zone of the hierarchical Domain Name System. Every domain name ends with a top-level domain characterization.

During the growth of the Internet, information technology became desirable to create additional generic meridian-level domains. Every bit of October 2009, 21 generic summit-level domains and 250 2-letter state-lawmaking top-level domains existed.[12] In improver, the ARPA domain serves technical purposes in the infrastructure of the Domain Proper noun System.

During the 32nd International Public ICANN Meeting in Paris in 2008,[13] ICANN started a new procedure of TLD naming policy to have a "significant step forward on the introduction of new generic top-level domains." This program envisions the availability of many new or already proposed domains, as well every bit a new application and implementation procedure.[14] Observers believed that the new rules could issue in hundreds of new top-level domains to exist registered.[15] In 2012, the programme commenced, and received 1930 applications.[16] By 2016, the milestone of 1000 live gTLD was reached.

The Net Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) maintains an annotated list of pinnacle-level domains in the DNS root zone database.[17]

For special purposes, such as network testing, documentation, and other applications, IANA too reserves a set of special-use domain names.[eighteen] This list contains domain names such as case, local, localhost, and test. Other acme-level domain names containing trade marks are registered for corporate use. Cases include brands such as BMW, Google, and Canon.[19]

Second-level and lower level domains

Below the height-level domains in the domain proper name hierarchy are the 2nd-level domain (SLD) names. These are the names direct to the left of .com, .cyberspace, and the other acme-level domains. As an case, in the domain instance.co.united kingdom, co is the 2d-level domain.

Next are third-level domains, which are written immediately to the left of a second-level domain. There can be fourth- and 5th-level domains, and and then on, with about no limitation. An case of an operational domain proper name with iv levels of domain labels is sos.land.oh.us. Each label is separated past a full cease (dot). 'sos' is said to be a sub-domain of 'country.oh.us', and 'state' a sub-domain of 'oh.us', etc. In general, subdomains are domains subordinate to their parent domain. An example of very deep levels of subdomain ordering are the IPv6 reverse resolution DNS zones, e.yard., 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa, which is the reverse DNS resolution domain proper name for the IP address of a loopback interface, or the localhost name.

Second-level (or lower-level, depending on the established parent hierarchy) domain names are often created based on the name of a company (due east.one thousand., bbc.co.united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland), product or service (due east.g. hotmail.com). Below these levels, the next domain name component has been used to designate a item host server. Therefore, ftp.instance.com might be an FTP server, www.example.com would exist a World Wide Web server, and mail service.example.com could be an email server, each intended to perform just the implied office. Modern engineering allows multiple physical servers with either different (cf. load balancing) or even identical addresses (cf. anycast) to serve a unmarried hostname or domain proper noun, or multiple domain names to be served past a single estimator. The latter is very pop in Web hosting service centers, where service providers host the websites of many organizations on only a few servers.

The hierarchical DNS labels or components of domain names are separated in a fully qualified name by the full end (dot, .).

Internationalized domain names

The character set up allowed in the Domain Name System is based on ASCII and does non allow the representation of names and words of many languages in their native scripts or alphabets. ICANN approved the Internationalized domain proper noun (IDNA) arrangement, which maps Unicode strings used in application user interfaces into the valid DNS grapheme gear up by an encoding chosen Punycode. For example, københavn.eu is mapped to xn--kbenhavn-54a.eu. Many registries have adopted IDNA.

Domain proper noun registration

History

The first commercial Net domain name, in the TLD com, was registered on xv March 1985 in the name symbolics.com by Symbolics Inc., a computer systems firm in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

By 1992, fewer than 15,000 com domains had been registered.

In the first quarter of 2015, 294 million domain names had been registered.[twenty] A large fraction of them are in the com TLD, which as of December 21, 2014, had 115.half-dozen meg domain names,[21] including eleven.9 one thousand thousand online business and due east-commerce sites, 4.3 1000000 entertainment sites, 3.1 one thousand thousand finance related sites, and one.8 one thousand thousand sports sites.[22] As of July 2012 the com TLD had more registrations than all of the ccTLDs combined.[23]

Administration

The right to apply a domain name is delegated past domain proper noun registrars, which are accredited by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the organization charged with overseeing the name and number systems of the Internet. In addition to ICANN, each top-level domain (TLD) is maintained and serviced technically by an administrative organization operating a registry. A registry is responsible for maintaining the database of names registered within the TLD information technology administers. The registry receives registration information from each domain name registrar authorized to assign names in the respective TLD and publishes the information using a special service, the WHOIS protocol.

Registries and registrars usually charge an annual fee for the service of delegating a domain name to a user and providing a default ready of name servers. Oft, this transaction is termed a sale or charter of the domain proper noun, and the registrant may sometimes be called an "owner", but no such legal relationship is actually associated with the transaction, merely the sectional right to use the domain name. More correctly, authorized users are known as "registrants" or every bit "domain holders".

ICANN publishes the complete listing of TLD registries and domain name registrars. Registrant information associated with domain names is maintained in an online database accessible with the WHOIS protocol. For most of the 250 country lawmaking top-level domains (ccTLDs), the domain registries maintain the WHOIS (Registrant, name servers, expiration dates, etc.) information.

Some domain proper name registries, often called network information centers (NIC), also office equally registrars to terminate-users. The major generic peak-level domain registries, such as for the com, net, org, info domains and others, use a registry-registrar model consisting of hundreds of domain name registrars (run across lists at ICANN[24] or VeriSign).[25] In this method of management, the registry only manages the domain name database and the human relationship with the registrars. The registrants (users of a domain proper name) are customers of the registrar, in some cases through additional layers of resellers.

At that place are also a few other culling DNS root providers that try to compete or complement ICANN's function of domain proper name administration, even so, well-nigh of them failed to receive broad recognition, and thus domain names offered by those alternative roots cannot be used universally on nigh other cyberspace-connecting machines without additional dedicated configurations.

Technical requirements and procedure

In the process of registering a domain name and maintaining potency over the new name space created, registrars apply several key pieces of data connected with a domain:

  • Administrative contact. A registrant normally designates an authoritative contact to manage the domain proper name. The administrative contact usually has the highest level of control over a domain. Management functions delegated to the authoritative contacts may include management of all business information, such equally name of tape, postal accost, and contact information of the official registrant of the domain and the obligation to suit to the requirements of the domain registry in gild to retain the right to utilise a domain name. Furthermore, the authoritative contact installs additional contact information for technical and billing functions.
  • Technical contact. The technical contact manages the name servers of a domain name. The functions of a technical contact include assuring conformance of the configurations of the domain proper name with the requirements of the domain registry, maintaining the domain zone records, and providing continuous functionality of the name servers (that leads to the accessibility of the domain name).
  • Billing contact. The party responsible for receiving billing invoices from the domain name registrar and paying applicative fees.
  • Name servers. Virtually registrars provide ii or more than name servers every bit function of the registration service. However, a registrant may specify its ain authoritative name servers to host a domain'southward resource records. The registrar's policies govern the number of servers and the blazon of server information required. Some providers require a hostname and the corresponding IP address or just the hostname, which must exist resolvable either in the new domain, or be elsewhere. Based on traditional requirements (RFC 1034), typically a minimum of two servers is required.

A domain proper name consists of ane or more than labels, each of which is formed from the set of ASCII letters, digits, and hyphens (a-z, A-Z, 0–9, -), but not starting or ending with a hyphen. The labels are example-insensitive; for example, 'label' is equivalent to 'Label' or 'Label'. In the textual representation of a domain proper name, the labels are separated past a full stop (period).

Concern models

Domain names are ofttimes seen in analogy to existent manor in that domain names are foundations on which a website tin can exist built, and the highest quality domain names, like sought-after real estate, tend to comport meaning value, usually due to their online make-building potential, use in ad, search engine optimization, and many other criteria.

A few companies have offered depression-toll, below-cost or even gratis domain registration with a variety of models adopted to recoup the costs to the provider. These usually require that domains exist hosted on their website within a framework or portal that includes advertizing wrapped around the domain holder's content, revenue from which allows the provider to recoup the costs. Domain registrations were complimentary of charge when the DNS was new. A domain holder may provide an infinite number of subdomains in their domain. For example, the possessor of example.org could provide subdomains such as foo.case.org and foo.bar.example.org to interested parties.

Many desirable domain names are already assigned and users must search for other adequate names, using Web-based search features, or WHOIS and dig operating system tools. Many registrars have implemented domain name proposition tools which search domain name databases and advise available alternative domain names related to keywords provided past the user.

Resale of domain names

The business organisation of resale of registered domain names is known every bit the domain aftermarket. Diverse factors influence the perceived value or marketplace value of a domain proper noun. Almost of the high-prize domain sales are carried out privately.

Domain name confusion

Intercapping is often used to emphasize the meaning of a domain proper name, because DNS names are non case-sensitive. Some names may exist misinterpreted in certain uses of capitalization. For example: Who Represents, a database of artists and agents, chose whorepresents.com,[26] which can be misread. In such situations, the proper meaning may be clarified past placement of hyphens when registering a domain name. For instance, Experts Exchange, a programmers' word site, used expertsexchange.com, simply changed its domain name to experts-exchange.com.[27]

Use in web site hosting

The domain name is a component of a uniform resource locator (URL) used to admission web sites, for example:

  • URL: http://www.instance.net/alphabetize.html
  • Superlative-level domain: internet
  • 2nd-level domain: example
  • Hostname: www

A domain name may point to multiple IP addresses to provide server redundancy for the services offered, a feature that is used to manage the traffic of large, popular spider web sites.

Web hosting services, on the other hand, run servers that are typically assigned merely 1 or a few addresses while serving websites for many domains, a technique referred to as virtual web hosting. Such IP address overloading requires that each request identifies the domain name being referenced, for instance by using the HTTP asking header field Host:, or Server Proper name Indication.

Abuse and regulation

Critics often claim corruption of authoritative power over domain names. Peculiarly noteworthy was the VeriSign Site Finder arrangement which redirected all unregistered .com and .internet domains to a VeriSign webpage. For example, at a public meeting with VeriSign to air technical concerns most SiteFinder,[28] numerous people, active in the IETF and other technical bodies, explained how they were surprised by VeriSign's changing the key behavior of a major component of Internet infrastructure, not having obtained the customary consensus. SiteFinder, at get-go, assumed every Internet query was for a website, and information technology monetized queries for incorrect domain names, taking the user to VeriSign'due south search site. Unfortunately, other applications, such as many implementations of electronic mail, treat a lack of response to a domain name query as an indication that the domain does not exist, and that the message tin can be treated as undeliverable. The original VeriSign implementation bankrupt this assumption for post, considering information technology would always resolve an erroneous domain name to that of SiteFinder. While VeriSign later changed SiteFinder'south behaviour with regard to email, at that place was still widespread protest near VeriSign'due south action being more in its financial involvement than in the interest of the Cyberspace infrastructure component for which VeriSign was the steward.

Despite widespread criticism, VeriSign only reluctantly removed it after the Net Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) threatened to revoke its contract to administer the root proper noun servers. ICANN published the extensive set of letters exchanged, committee reports, and ICANN decisions.[29]

There is also significant disquiet regarding the The states Government'due south political influence over ICANN. This was a pregnant issue in the attempt to create a .xxx meridian-level domain and sparked greater interest in alternative DNS roots that would be across the command of any single country.[30]

Additionally, in that location are numerous accusations of domain name front running, whereby registrars, when given whois queries, automatically register the domain name for themselves. Network Solutions has been accused of this.[31]

Truth in Domain Names Act

In the The states, the Truth in Domain Names Act of 2003, in combination with the PROTECT Human action of 2003, forbids the utilize of a misleading domain name with the intention of attracting Internet users into visiting Cyberspace pornography sites.

The Truth in Domain Names Act follows the more general Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Human action passed in 1999 aimed at preventing typosquatting and deceptive use of names and trademarks in domain names.

Seizures

  • Seizure notices

  • channelsurfing.net

In the early 21st century, the US Department of Justice (DOJ) pursued the seizure of domain names, based on the legal theory that domain names constitute holding used to appoint in criminal activeness, and thus are field of study to forfeiture. For instance, in the seizure of the domain name of a gambling website, the DOJ referenced 18 U.s.C. § 981 and 18 UsC. § 1955(d).[32][1] In 2013 the US government seized Liberty Reserve, citing 18 U.s.a.C. § 982(a)(i).[33]

The U.S. Congress passed the Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeits Human activity in 2010. Consumer Electronics Association vice president Michael Petricone was worried that seizure was a edgeless instrument that could harm legitimate businesses.[34] [35] After a joint performance on February xv, 2011, the DOJ and the Section of Homeland Security claimed to have seized ten domains of websites involved in advertising and distributing child pornography, but also mistakenly seized the domain name of a large DNS provider, temporarily replacing 84,000 websites with seizure notices.[36]

In the United Kingdom, the Law Intellectual Belongings Crime Unit has been attempting to seize domain names from registrars without court orders.[37]

Suspensions

PIPCU and other Great britain constabulary enforcement organisations make domain suspension requests to Nominet which they procedure on the basis of breach of terms and conditions. Effectually sixteen,000 domains are suspended annually, and about fourscore% of the requests originate from PIPCU.[38]

Property rights

Considering of the economic value information technology represents, the European Courtroom of Human Rights has ruled that the exclusive right to a domain name is protected every bit property under article 1 of Protocol one to the European Convention on Man Rights.[39]

IDN variants

ICANN Business Constituency (BC) has spent decades trying to make IDN variants piece of work at the 2nd level, and in the last several years at the superlative level. Domain name variants are domain names recognized in dissimilar graphic symbol encodings, like a single domain presented in traditional Chinese and simplified Chinese. It is an Internationalization and localization problem. Under Domain Name Variants, the different encodings of the domain name (in simplified and traditional Chinese) would resolve to the same host.[xl] [41]

According to John Levine, an skilful on Internet related topics, "Unfortunately, variants don't work. The trouble isn't putting them in the DNS, information technology'southward that one time they're in the DNS, they don't work anywhere else." [forty]

Fictitious domain name

A fictitious domain name is a domain name used in a work of fiction or popular civilization to refer to a domain that does not really be, often with invalid or unofficial pinnacle-level domains such as ".web", a usage exactly analogous to the dummy 555 phone number prefix used in film and other media. The canonical fictitious domain name is "example.com", specifically set bated by IANA in RFC 2606 for such utilize, along with the .example TLD.

Domain names used in works of fiction have often been registered in the DNS, either by their creators or by cybersquatters attempting to profit from it. This miracle prompted NBC to purchase the domain proper name Hornymanatee.com subsequently talk-prove host Conan O'Brien spoke the name while ad-libbing on his show. O'Brien subsequently created a website based on the concept and used it as a running gag on the show.[42]

Domain name spoofing

The term Domain proper name spoofing (or simply though less accurately, Domain spoofing) is used generically to describe one or more of a class of phishing attacks that depend on falsifying or misrepresenting an net domain proper noun.[43] [44] These are designed to persuade unsuspecting users into visiting a web site other than that intended, or opening an email that is non in reality from the address shown (or evidently shown).[45] Although website and email spoofing attacks are more widely known, any service that relies on domain proper name resolution may be compromised.

Types

There are a number of better-known types of domain spoofing:

  • Typosquatting too called "URL hijacking", a "sting site", or a "fake URL", is a form of cybersquatting, and possibly brandjacking which relies on mistakes such equally typos fabricated by Cyberspace users when inputting a website accost into a web browser or composing an email address. Should a user accidentally enter an wrong domain name, they may exist led to whatsoever URL (including an alternative website endemic by a cybersquatter).[46]
The typosquatter's URL will commonly be i of five kinds, all like to the victim site address:
  • A common misspelling, or foreign linguistic communication spelling, of the intended site
  • A misspelling based on a typographical fault
  • A plural of a singular domain proper noun
  • A different top-level domain: (i.e. .com instead of .org)
  • An abuse of the Country Code Top-Level Domain (ccTLD) (.cm, .co, or .om instead of .com)
  • Internationalised domain proper noun homograph attack. This blazon of attack depends on registering a domain proper name that is similar to the 'target' domain, differing from it only because its spelling includes one or more characters that come up from a different alphabet but wait the aforementioned to the naked eye. For case, the Cyrillic, Latin, and Greek alphabets each accept their own letter A, each of which has its own binary code point. Turkish has a dotless letter of the alphabet i (ı) that may not be perceived as unlike from the ASCII letter i. Most web browsers warn of 'mixed alphabet' domain names, [47] [48] [49] [l] Other services, such every bit email applications, may not provide the aforementioned protection. Reputable elevation level domain and country code domain registrars will non accept applications to register a deceptive name but this policy cannot be presumed to exist infallible.
  • DNS spoofing – Cyberattack using decadent DNS information
  • Website spoofing – Creating a website, as a hoax, with the intention of misleading readers
  • Email spoofing – Creating electronic mail spam or phishing messages with a forged sender identity or address

Chance mitigation

  • Domain Name System Security Extensions – Suite of IETF specifications for securing certain kinds of information provided past DNS
  • Sender Policy Framework – Simple electronic mail-validation arrangement designed to detect email spoofing
  • DMARC – System to prevent email fraud ("Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance")
  • DomainKeys Identified Mail – Email authentication method designed to notice email spoofing
  • Public central certificate – Electronic document used to prove the ownership of a public key (SSL certificate)

Legitimate technologies that may be subverted

  • URL redirection – Technique for making a Web page available nether more than one URL address
  • Domain fronting – Technique for Internet censorship circumvention

Run into also

  • Domain hack
  • Domain hijacking
  • Domain proper noun registrar
  • Domain name speculation
  • Domain proper noun warehousing
  • Domain registration
  • Domain tasting
  • Geodomain
  • List of Internet height-level domains
  • Reverse domain hijacking
  • Reverse domain name notation

References

  1. ^ ANI (2017-07-27). "Net grows, 330.6 mil domain name registrations in Q1: VeriSign". Business Standard India . Retrieved 2017-07-28 .
  2. ^ Stevens, W. Richard (1994). TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1: The Protocols. Vol. i (one ed.). Addison-Wesley. ISBN9780201633467.
  3. ^ "RFC 4034 - Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions". IEFT.
  4. ^ Low, Jerry. "Why are generic domains so expensive?". TheRealJerryLow.com . Retrieved 27 September 2018.
  5. ^ RFC 3467, Role of the Domain Name Organisation (DNS), J.C. Klensin, J. Klensin (February 2003)
  6. ^ Cricket Liu, Paul Albitz (2006). DNS and BIND (5th ed.). O'Reilly. p. 3.
  7. ^ "The first ever xx domain names registered". ComputerWeekly.com . Retrieved 2020-07-30 .
  8. ^ Rooksby, Jacob H. (2015). "Defining Domain: Higher Education'due south Battles for Cyberspace". Brooklyn Law Review. eighty (iii): 857–942. Retrieved 2015-10-27 . at p. 869
  9. ^ RFC 1035, Domain names--Implementation and specification, P. Mockapetris (November 1987)
  10. ^ "Introduction to Elevation-Level Domains (gTLDs)". Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN).
  11. ^ RFC 920, Domain Requirements, J. Postel, J. Reynolds, The Internet Society (October 1984)
  12. ^ "New gTLD Program", ICANN, October 2009
  13. ^ "32nd International Public ICANN Meeting". ICANN. 2008-06-22.
  14. ^ "New gTLS Program". ICANN. Retrieved 2009-06-15 .
  15. ^ ICANN Board Approves Sweeping Overhaul of Top-level Domains, CircleID, 26 June 2008.
  16. ^ "Near the Program - ICANN New gTLDs". ICANN.
  17. ^ "Root Zone Database". IANA.
  18. ^ Cheshire, S., Krochmal K. (February 2013). "RFC6761 - Special-Use Domain Names". Internet Applied science Task Strength (IETF). Retrieved iii May 2015.
  19. ^ "Executive Summary - dot brand observatory". observatory.domains.
  20. ^ Cyberspace Grows to 294 Million Domain Names in the First Quarter of 2015, Jun xxx, 2015.
  21. ^ "Thirty years of .COM domains - and the numbers are upward". Geekzone. Mar thirteen, 2015. Retrieved Mar 25, 2016.
  22. ^ Evangelista, Benny. 2010. "25 years of .com names." San Francisco Relate. March 15, p. 1
  23. ^ "Domain domination: The com TLD larger than all ccTLDs combined". Royal.pingdom.com. Retrieved 2012-07-25 .
  24. ^ "ICANN-Accredited Registrars". ICANN.
  25. ^ "Cull A Acme Domain Registrar Of Your Choice Using Our Search Tool". Verisign.
  26. ^ Courtney, Curzi (fourteen Oct 2014). "WhoRepresents helps brands connect with glory influencers". DM News. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  27. ^ Ki, Mae Heussner (ii June 2010). "'Slurls': Most Outrageous Website URLs". ABC News . Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  28. ^ McCullagh, Declan (2003-ten-03). "VeriSign fends off critics at ICANN powwow". CNET News.com. Retrieved 2007-09-22 .
  29. ^ "Verisign's Wildcard Service Deployment". ICANN. Retrieved 2007-09-22 .
  30. ^ Mueller, 1000 (March 2004). Ruling the Root. MIT Press. ISBN0-262-63298-5.
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External links

  • (domain bias in spider web search) a research past Microsoft
  • Pinnacle Level Domain Bias in Search Engine Indexing and Rankings
  • Domain Names at Curlie
  • Icann New gTLD Program Factsheet - Oct 2009 (PDF)
  • IANA Two letter Country Code TLD
  • ICANN - Net Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
  • Internic.net, public information regarding Net domain proper name registration services
  • Internet Domain Names: Background and Policy Issues Congressional Research Service
  • RFC 1034, Domain Names — Concepts and Facilities, an Internet Protocol Standard
  • RFC 1035, Domain Names — Implementation and Specification, an Internet Protocol Standard
  • UDRP, Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy
  • Special apply domain names

What Is A Domain Name Used For,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name

Posted by: helmdoughs.blogspot.com

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